Assessment of hematological and immunological changes during first vs. third trimester of pregnancy

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate immunological and hematological changes in a sample of pregnant women that occurred between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. To support fetal development and prepare the mother for delivery, pregnancy is a dynamic physiological state characterized by progressive changes in blood parameters, immune function, and renal physiology. Differentiating between pathogenic circumstances that may affect the health of the mother and fetus, and normal physiological changes requires an understanding of these changes. This study used a comparative cross-sectional analysis. Blood and urine samples were taken from 57 pregnant women in different places, including family and primary healthcare centers. between February and April, 28 of whom were in the first trimester and 29 of whom were in the third. In addition to a notable increase in positive urine cultures, especially Escherichia coli, there was a notable increase in proteinuria, glycosuria, and pyuria throughout the third trimester. These results point to a higher risk of renal physiological stress and UTIs during the latter stages of pregnancy. Red blood cell shape clearly changed throughout pregnancy, according to blood film analysis. Normal results and normocytic normochromic patterns predominated during the first trimester, Mild anemia and hypochromic microcytic anemia significantly increased by the third trimester. In line with physiological anemia of pregnancy, hemoglobin levels dramatically dropped throughout the third trimester. Additionally, platelet levels significantly decreased, most likely because of gestational thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, white blood cell counts dramatically rose, primarily due to neutrophilia, which is indicative of leukocytosis. Lymphocyte levels also dropped, suggesting immunological regulation that is necessary for preserving fetal tolerance and is typified by a change from cell-mediated immunity to humoral immunity.